Commit ceadd30b authored by Philip Gladstone's avatar Philip Gladstone Committed by Marcel Stör
Browse files

Add support for the wifi monitor mode in the SDK (#2204)

parent 77fe5105
#define FRAME_TYPE_MANAGEMENT 0
#define FRAME_TYPE_CONTROL 1
#define FRAME_TYPE_DATA 2
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_ASSOC_REQUEST 0x00
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_ASSOC_RESPONSE 0x01
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_REASSOC_REQUEST 0x02
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_REASSOC_RESPONSE 0x03
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_PROBE_REQUEST 0x04
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_PROBE_RESPONSE 0x05
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_BEACON 0x08
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_ATIM 0x09
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_DISASSOCIATION 0x0a
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_AUTHENTICATION 0x0b
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_DEAUTHENTICATION 0x0c
#define FRAME_SUBTYPE_DATA 0x14
typedef struct framectrl_80211
{
//buf[0]
u8 Protocol:2;
u8 Type:2;
u8 Subtype:4;
//buf[1]
u8 ToDS:1;
u8 FromDS:1;
u8 MoreFlag:1;
u8 Retry:1;
u8 PwrMgmt:1;
u8 MoreData:1;
u8 Protectedframe:1;
u8 Order:1;
} framectrl_80211,*lpframectrl_80211;
typedef struct management_80211
{
struct framectrl_80211 framectrl;
uint16 duration;
uint8 rdaddr[6];
uint8 tsaddr[6];
uint8 bssid[6];
uint16 number;
} management_request_t;
typedef struct
{
management_request_t hdr;
uint8 timestamp[8];
uint16 beacon_interval;
uint16 capability_info;
} wifi_beacon_t;
typedef struct tagged_parameter
{
/* SSID parameter */
uint8 tag_number;
uint8 tag_length;
} tagged_parameter, *ptagged_parameter;
struct RxControl {
signed rssi:8;//表示该包的信号强度
unsigned rate:4;
unsigned is_group:1;
unsigned:1;
unsigned sig_mode:2;//表示该包是否是11n的包,0表示非11n,非0表示11n
unsigned legacy_length:12;//如果不是11n的包,它表示包的长度
unsigned damatch0:1;
unsigned damatch1:1;
unsigned bssidmatch0:1;
unsigned bssidmatch1:1;
unsigned MCS:7;//如果是11n的包,它表示包的调制编码序列,有效值:0-76
unsigned CWB:1;//如果是11n的包,它表示是否为HT40的包
unsigned HT_length:16;//如果是11n的包,它表示包的长度
unsigned Smoothing:1;
unsigned Not_Sounding:1;
unsigned:1;
unsigned Aggregation:1;
unsigned STBC:2;
unsigned FEC_CODING:1;//如果是11n的包,它表示是否为LDPC的包
unsigned SGI:1;
unsigned rxend_state:8;
unsigned ampdu_cnt:8;
unsigned channel:4;//表示该包所在的信道
unsigned:12;
};
struct sniffer_buf2{
struct RxControl rx_ctrl;
u8 buf[112];//包含ieee80211包头
u16 cnt;//包的个数
u16 len[1];//包的长度
};
struct sniffer_buf{
struct RxControl rx_ctrl;
u8 buf[48];//包含ieee80211包头
u16 cnt;//包的个数
u16 len[1];//包的长度
};
...@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ ...@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@
//#define LUA_USE_MODULES_UCG //#define LUA_USE_MODULES_UCG
//#define LUA_USE_MODULES_WEBSOCKET //#define LUA_USE_MODULES_WEBSOCKET
#define LUA_USE_MODULES_WIFI #define LUA_USE_MODULES_WIFI
//#define LUA_USE_MODULES_WIFI_MONITOR
//#define LUA_USE_MODULES_WPS //#define LUA_USE_MODULES_WPS
//#define LUA_USE_MODULES_WS2801 //#define LUA_USE_MODULES_WS2801
//#define LUA_USE_MODULES_WS2812 //#define LUA_USE_MODULES_WS2812
......
...@@ -1823,6 +1823,9 @@ static const LUA_REG_TYPE wifi_map[] = { ...@@ -1823,6 +1823,9 @@ static const LUA_REG_TYPE wifi_map[] = {
{ LSTRKEY( "ap" ), LROVAL( wifi_ap_map ) }, { LSTRKEY( "ap" ), LROVAL( wifi_ap_map ) },
#if defined(WIFI_SDK_EVENT_MONITOR_ENABLE) #if defined(WIFI_SDK_EVENT_MONITOR_ENABLE)
{ LSTRKEY( "eventmon" ), LROVAL( wifi_event_monitor_map ) }, //declared in wifi_eventmon.c { LSTRKEY( "eventmon" ), LROVAL( wifi_event_monitor_map ) }, //declared in wifi_eventmon.c
#endif
#if defined(LUA_USE_MODULES_WIFI_MONITOR)
{ LSTRKEY( "monitor" ), LROVAL( wifi_monitor_map ) }, //declared in wifi_monitor.c
#endif #endif
{ LSTRKEY( "NULLMODE" ), LNUMVAL( NULL_MODE ) }, { LSTRKEY( "NULLMODE" ), LNUMVAL( NULL_MODE ) },
{ LSTRKEY( "STATION" ), LNUMVAL( STATION_MODE ) }, { LSTRKEY( "STATION" ), LNUMVAL( STATION_MODE ) },
...@@ -1898,6 +1901,9 @@ int luaopen_wifi( lua_State *L ) ...@@ -1898,6 +1901,9 @@ int luaopen_wifi( lua_State *L )
} }
#if defined(WIFI_SDK_EVENT_MONITOR_ENABLE) #if defined(WIFI_SDK_EVENT_MONITOR_ENABLE)
wifi_eventmon_init(); wifi_eventmon_init();
#endif
#if defined(LUA_USE_MODULES_WIFI_MONITOR)
wifi_monitor_init(L);
#endif #endif
return 0; return 0;
} }
......
...@@ -67,4 +67,9 @@ enum wifi_suspension_state ...@@ -67,4 +67,9 @@ enum wifi_suspension_state
int wifi_event_monitor_register(lua_State* L); int wifi_event_monitor_register(lua_State* L);
#endif #endif
#ifdef LUA_USE_MODULES_WIFI_MONITOR
extern const LUA_REG_TYPE wifi_monitor_map[];
int wifi_monitor_init(lua_State *L);
#endif
#endif /* APP_MODULES_WIFI_COMMON_H_ */ #endif /* APP_MODULES_WIFI_COMMON_H_ */
...@@ -31,6 +31,14 @@ static evt_queue_t *wifi_event_queue_head; //pointer to beginning of queue ...@@ -31,6 +31,14 @@ static evt_queue_t *wifi_event_queue_head; //pointer to beginning of queue
static evt_queue_t *wifi_event_queue_tail; //pointer to end of queue static evt_queue_t *wifi_event_queue_tail; //pointer to end of queue
static int wifi_event_cb_ref[EVENT_MAX+1] = { [0 ... EVENT_MAX] = LUA_NOREF}; //holds references to registered Lua callbacks static int wifi_event_cb_ref[EVENT_MAX+1] = { [0 ... EVENT_MAX] = LUA_NOREF}; //holds references to registered Lua callbacks
#ifdef LUA_USE_MODULES_WIFI_MONITOR
static int (*hook_fn)(System_Event_t *);
void wifi_event_monitor_register_hook(int (*fn)(System_Event_t*)) {
hook_fn = fn;
}
#endif
// wifi.eventmon.register() // wifi.eventmon.register()
int wifi_event_monitor_register(lua_State* L) int wifi_event_monitor_register(lua_State* L)
{ {
...@@ -58,6 +66,12 @@ static void wifi_event_monitor_handle_event_cb(System_Event_t *evt) ...@@ -58,6 +66,12 @@ static void wifi_event_monitor_handle_event_cb(System_Event_t *evt)
{ {
EVENT_DBG("\n\twifi_event_monitor_handle_event_cb is called\n"); EVENT_DBG("\n\twifi_event_monitor_handle_event_cb is called\n");
#ifdef LUA_USE_MODULES_WIFI_MONITOR
if (hook_fn && hook_fn(evt)) {
return;
}
#endif
if((wifi_event_cb_ref[evt->event] != LUA_NOREF) || ((wifi_event_cb_ref[EVENT_MAX] != LUA_NOREF) && if((wifi_event_cb_ref[evt->event] != LUA_NOREF) || ((wifi_event_cb_ref[EVENT_MAX] != LUA_NOREF) &&
!(evt->event == EVENT_STAMODE_CONNECTED || evt->event == EVENT_STAMODE_DISCONNECTED || !(evt->event == EVENT_STAMODE_CONNECTED || evt->event == EVENT_STAMODE_DISCONNECTED ||
evt->event == EVENT_STAMODE_AUTHMODE_CHANGE || evt->event == EVENT_STAMODE_GOT_IP || evt->event == EVENT_STAMODE_AUTHMODE_CHANGE || evt->event == EVENT_STAMODE_GOT_IP ||
......
This diff is collapsed.
...@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ The NodeMCU WiFi control is spread across several tables: ...@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ The NodeMCU WiFi control is spread across several tables:
- [`wifi.ap`](#wifiap-module) for wireless access point (WAP or simply AP) functions - [`wifi.ap`](#wifiap-module) for wireless access point (WAP or simply AP) functions
- [`wifi.ap.dhcp`](#wifiapdhcp-module) for DHCP server control - [`wifi.ap.dhcp`](#wifiapdhcp-module) for DHCP server control
- [`wifi.eventmon`](#wifieventmon-module) for wifi event monitor - [`wifi.eventmon`](#wifieventmon-module) for wifi event monitor
- [`wifi.monitor`](wifi_monitor.md#wifimonitor-module) for wifi monitor mode
## wifi.getchannel() ## wifi.getchannel()
...@@ -1640,3 +1641,4 @@ Table containing disconnect reasons. ...@@ -1640,3 +1641,4 @@ Table containing disconnect reasons.
|wifi.eventmon.reason.AUTH_FAIL | 202 | |wifi.eventmon.reason.AUTH_FAIL | 202 |
|wifi.eventmon.reason.ASSOC_FAIL | 203 | |wifi.eventmon.reason.ASSOC_FAIL | 203 |
|wifi.eventmon.reason.HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT | 204 | |wifi.eventmon.reason.HANDSHAKE_TIMEOUT | 204 |
# WiFi.monitor Module
| Since | Origin / Contributor | Maintainer | Source |
| :----- | :-------------------- | :---------- | :------ |
| 2017-12-20 | [Philip Gladstone](https://github.com/pjsg) | [Philip Gladstone](https://github.com/pjsg) | [wifi_monitor.c](../../../app/modules/wifi_monitor.c)|
This is an optional module that is only included if `LUA_USE_MODULES_WIFI_MONITOR` is defined in the `user_modules.h` file. This module
provides access to the monitor mode features of the ESP8266 chipset. In particular, it provides access to received WiFi management frames.
This module is not for casual use -- it requires an understanding of IEEE802.11 management protocols.
## wifi.monitor.start()
This registers a callback function to be called whenever a management frame is received. Note that this can be at quite a high rate, so some limited
filtering is provided before the callback is invoked. Only the first 110 bytes or so of the frame are returned -- this is an SDK restriction.
Any connected ap/station will be disconnected.
#### Syntax
`wifi.monitor.start([filter parameters,] mgmt_frame_callback)`
#### Parameters
- filter parameters. This is a byte offset (1 based) into the underlying data structure, a value to match against, and an optional mask to use for matching.
The data structure used for filtering is 12 bytes of [radio header](#the-radio-header), and then the actual frame. The first byte of the frame is therefore numbered 13. The filter
values of 13, 0x80 will just extract beacon frames.
- `mgmt_frame_callback` is a function which is invoked with a single argument which is a `wifi.packet` object which has many methods and attributes.
#### Returns
nothing.
#### Example
```
wifi.monitor.channel(6)
wifi.monitor.start(13, 0x80, function(pkt)
print ('Beacon: ' .. pkt.bssid_hex .. " '" .. pkt[0] .. "' ch " .. pkt[3]:byte(1))
end)
```
## wifi.monitor.stop()
This disables the monitor mode and returns to normal operation. There are no parameters and no return value.
#### Syntax
`wifi.monitor.stop()`
## wifi.monitor.channel()
This sets the channel number to monitor. Note that in many applications you will want to step through the channel numbers at regular intervals. Beacon
frames (in particular) are typically sent every 102 milliseconds, so a switch time of (say) 150 milliseconds seems to work well.
#### Syntax
`wifi.monitor.channel(channel)`
#### Parameters
- `channel` sets the channel number in the range 1 to 15.
#### Returns
nothing.
# wifi.packet object
This object provides access to the raw packet data and also many methods to extract data from the packet in a simple way.
## packet:radio_byte()
This is like the `string.byte` method, except that it gives access to the bytes of the [radio header](#the-radio-header).
#### Syntax
`packet:radio_byte(n)`
#### Parameters
- `n` the byte number (1 based) to get from the [radio header](#the-radio-header) portion of the packet
#### Returns
0-255 as the value of the byte
nothing if the offset is not within the [radio header](#the-radio-header).
## packet:frame_byte()
This is like the `string.byte` method, except that it gives access to the bytes of the received frame.
#### Syntax
`packet:frame_byte(n)`
#### Parameters
- `n` the byte number (1 based) to get from the received frame.
#### Returns
0-255 as the value of the byte
nothing if the offset is not within the received frame.
## packet:radio_sub()
This is like the `string.sub` method, except that it gives access to the bytes of the [radio header](#the-radio-header).
#### Syntax
`packet:radio_sub(start, end)`
#### Parameters
Same rules as for `string.sub` except that it operates on the [radio header](#the-radio-header).
#### Returns
A string according to the `string.sub` rules.
## packet:frame_sub()
This is like the `string.sub` method, except that it gives access to the bytes of the received frame.
#### Syntax
`packet:frame_sub(start, end)`
#### Parameters
Same rules as for `string.sub` except that it operates on the received frame.
#### Returns
A string according to the `string.sub` rules.
## packet:radio_subhex()
This is like the `string.sub` method, except that it gives access to the bytes of the [radio header](#the-radio-header). It also
converts them into hex efficiently.
#### Syntax
`packet:radio_subhex(start, end [, seperator])`
#### Parameters
Same rules as for `string.sub` except that it operates on the [radio header](#the-radio-header).
- `seperator` is an optional sting which is placed between the individual hex pairs returned.
#### Returns
A string according to the `string.sub` rules, converted into hex with possible inserted spacers.
## packet:frame_sub()
This is like the `string.sub` method, except that it gives access to the bytes of the received frame.
#### Syntax
`packet:frame_subhex(start, end [, seperator])`
#### Parameters
Same rules as for `string.sub` except that it operates on the received frame.
- `seperator` is an optional sting which is placed between the individual hex pairs returned.
#### Returns
A string according to the `string.sub` rules, converted into hex with possible inserted spacers.
## packet:ie_table()
This returns a table of the information elements from the management frame. The table keys values are the
information element numbers (0 - 255). Note that IE0 is the SSID. This method is mostly only useful if
you need to determine which information elements were in the management frame.
#### Syntax
`packet:ie_table()`
#### Parameters
None.
#### Returns
A table with all the information elements in it.
#### Example
```
print ("SSID", packet:ie_table()[0])
```
Note that this is possibly the worst way of getting the SSID.
#### Alternative
The `packet` object itself can be indexed to extract the information elements.
#### Example
```
print ("SSID", packet[0])
```
This is more efficient than the above approach, but requires you to remember that IE0 is the SSID.
## packet.<attribute>
The packet object has many attributes on it. These allow easy access to all the fields, though not an easy way to enumerate them. All integers are unsigned
except where noted. Information Elements are only returned if they are completely within the captured frame. This can mean that for some frames, some of the
information elements can be missing.
When a string is returned as the value of a field, it can (and often is) be a binary string with embedded nulls. All information elements are returned as strings
even if they are only one byte long and look like a number in the specification. This is purely to make the interface consistent. Note that even SSIDs can contain
embedded nulls.
| Attribute name | Type |
|:--------------------|:-------:|
| aggregation | Integer |
| ampdu_cnt | Integer |
| association_id | Integer |
| authentication_algorithm | Integer |
| authentication_transaction | Integer |
| beacon_interval | Integer |
| beacon_interval | Integer |
| bssid | String |
| bssid_hex | String |
| bssidmatch0 | Integer |
| bssidmatch1 | Integer |
| capability | Integer |
| channel | Integer |
| current_ap | String |
| cwb | Integer |
| dmatch0 | Integer |
| dmatch1 | Integer |
| dstmac | String |
| dstmac_hex | String |
| duration | Integer |
| fec_coding | Integer |
| frame | String (the entire received frame) |
| frame_hex | String |
| fromds | Integer |
| header | String (the fixed part of the management frame) |
| ht_length | Integer |
| ie_20_40_bss_coexistence | String |
| ie_20_40_bss_intolerant_channel_report | String |
| ie_advertisement_protocol | String |
| ie_aid | String |
| ie_antenna | String |
| ie_ap_channel_report | String |
| ie_authenticated_mesh_peering_exchange | String |
| ie_beacon_timing | String |
| ie_bss_ac_access_delay | String |
| ie_bss_available_admission_capacity | String |
| ie_bss_average_access_delay | String |
| ie_bss_load | String |
| ie_bss_max_idle_period | String |
| ie_cf_parameter_set | String |
| ie_challenge_text | String |
| ie_channel_switch_announcement | String |
| ie_channel_switch_timing | String |
| ie_channel_switch_wrapper | String |
| ie_channel_usage | String |
| ie_collocated_interference_report | String |
| ie_congestion_notification | String |
| ie_country | String |
| ie_destination_uri | String |
| ie_diagnostic_report | String |
| ie_diagnostic_request | String |
| ie_dms_request | String |
| ie_dms_response | String |
| ie_dse_registered_location | String |
| ie_dsss_parameter_set | String |
| ie_edca_parameter_set | String |
| ie_emergency_alart_identifier | String |
| ie_erp_information | String |
| ie_event_report | String |
| ie_event_request | String |
| ie_expedited_bandwidth_request | String |
| ie_extended_bss_load | String |
| ie_extended_capabilities | String |
| ie_extended_channel_switch_announcement | String |
| ie_extended_supported_rates | String |
| ie_fast_bss_transition | String |
| ie_fh_parameter_set | String |
| ie_fms_descriptor | String |
| ie_fms_request | String |
| ie_fms_response | String |
| ie_gann | String |
| ie_he_capabilities | String |
| ie_hopping_pattern_parameters | String |
| ie_hopping_pattern_table | String |
| ie_ht_capabilities | String |
| ie_ht_operation | String |
| ie_ibss_dfs | String |
| ie_ibss_parameter_set | String |
| ie_interworking | String |
| ie_link_identifier | String |
| ie_location_parameters | String |
| ie_management_mic | String |
| ie_mccaop | String |
| ie_mccaop_advertisement | String |
| ie_mccaop_advertisement_overview | String |
| ie_mccaop_setup_reply | String |
| ie_mccaop_setup_request | String |
| ie_measurement_pilot_transmission | String |
| ie_measurement_report | String |
| ie_measurement_request | String |
| ie_mesh_awake_window | String |
| ie_mesh_channel_switch_parameters | String |
| ie_mesh_configuration | String |
| ie_mesh_id | String |
| ie_mesh_link_metric_report | String |
| ie_mesh_peering_management | String |
| ie_mic | String |
| ie_mobility_domain | String |
| ie_multiple_bssid | String |
| ie_multiple_bssid_index | String |
| ie_neighbor_report | String |
| ie_nontransmitted_bssid_capability | String |
| ie_operating_mode_notification | String |
| ie_overlapping_bss_scan_parameters | String |
| ie_perr | String |
| ie_power_capability | String |
| ie_power_constraint | String |
| ie_prep | String |
| ie_preq | String |
| ie_proxy_update | String |
| ie_proxy_update_confirmation | String |
| ie_pti_control | String |
| ie_qos_capability | String |
| ie_qos_map_set | String |
| ie_qos_traffic_capability | String |
| ie_quiet | String |
| ie_quiet_channel | String |
| ie_rann | String |
| ie_rcpi | String |
| ie_request | String |
| ie_ric_data | String |
| ie_ric_descriptor | String |
| ie_rm_enabled_capacities | String |
| ie_roaming_consortium | String |
| ie_rsn | String |
| ie_rsni | String |
| ie_schedule | String |
| ie_secondary_channel_offset | String |
| ie_ssid | String |
| ie_ssid_list | String |
| ie_supported_channels | String |
| ie_supported_operating_classes | String |
| ie_supported_rates | String |
| ie_tclas | String |
| ie_tclas_processing | String |
| ie_tfs_request | String |
| ie_tfs_response | String |
| ie_tim | String |
| ie_tim_broadcast_request | String |
| ie_tim_broadcast_response | String |
| ie_time_advertisement | String |
| ie_time_zone | String |
| ie_timeout_interval | String |
| ie_tpc_report | String |
| ie_tpc_request | String |
| ie_tpu_buffer_status | String |
| ie_ts_delay | String |
| ie_tspec | String |
| ie_uapsd_coexistence | String |
| ie_vendor_specific | String |
| ie_vht_capabilities | String |
| ie_vht_operation | String |
| ie_vht_transmit_power_envelope | String |
| ie_wakeup_schedule | String |
| ie_wide_bandwidth_channel_switch | String |
| ie_wnm_sleep_mode | String |
| is_group | Integer |
| legacy_length | Integer |
| listen_interval | Integer |
| mcs | Integer |
| moredata | Integer |
| moreflag | Integer |
| not_counding | Integer |
| number | Integer |
| order | Integer |
| protectedframe | Integer |
| protocol | Integer |
| pwrmgmt | Integer |
| radio | String (the entire [radio header](#the-radio-header)) |
| rate | Integer |
| reason | Integer |
| retry | Integer |
| rssi | Signed Integer |
| rxend_state | Integer |
| sgi | Integer |
| sig_mode | Integer |
| smoothing | Integer |
| srcmac | String |
| srcmac_hex | String |
| status | Integer |
| stbc | Integer |
| subtype | Integer |
| timestamp | String |
| tods | Integer |
| type | Integer |
If you don't know what some of the attributes are, then you probably need to read the IEEE 802.11 specifications and other supporting material.
#### Example
```
print ("SSID", packet.ie_ssid)
```
## The Radio Header
The Radio Header has been mentioned above as a 12 byte structure. The layout is shown below. The only comments are in Chinese.
```
struct {
signed rssi:8;//表示该包的信号强度
unsigned rate:4;
unsigned is_group:1;
unsigned:1;
unsigned sig_mode:2;//表示该包是否是11n 的包,0 表示非11n,非0 表示11n
unsigned legacy_length:12;//如果不是11n 的包,它表示包的长度
unsigned damatch0:1;
unsigned damatch1:1;
unsigned bssidmatch0:1;
unsigned bssidmatch1:1;
unsigned MCS:7;//如果是11n 的包,它表示包的调制编码序列,有效值:0-76
unsigned CWB:1;//如果是11n 的包,它表示是否为HT40 的包
unsigned HT_length:16;//如果是11n 的包,它表示包的长度
unsigned Smoothing:1;
unsigned Not_Sounding:1;
unsigned:1;
unsigned Aggregation:1;
unsigned STBC:2;
unsigned FEC_CODING:1;//如果是11n 的包,它表示是否为LDPC 的包
unsigned SGI:1;
unsigned rxend_state:8;
unsigned ampdu_cnt:8;
unsigned channel:4;//表示该包所在的信道
unsigned:12;
}
```
...@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ pages: ...@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ pages:
- 'ucg': 'en/modules/ucg.md' - 'ucg': 'en/modules/ucg.md'
- 'websocket': 'en/modules/websocket.md' - 'websocket': 'en/modules/websocket.md'
- 'wifi': 'en/modules/wifi.md' - 'wifi': 'en/modules/wifi.md'
- 'wifi.monitor': 'en/modules/wifi_monitor.md'
- 'wps': 'en/modules/wps.md' - 'wps': 'en/modules/wps.md'
- 'ws2801': 'en/modules/ws2801.md' - 'ws2801': 'en/modules/ws2801.md'
- 'ws2812': 'en/modules/ws2812.md' - 'ws2812': 'en/modules/ws2812.md'
......
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